Narration Change Rules with charts and examples in English and Bengali languages / Direct and Indirect Speech Change Rules with charts and examples in English and Bengali languages

Narration Change Rules with charts and examples in English and Bengali languages / Direct and Indirect Speech Change Rules with charts and examples in English and Bengali languages

Rules of Narration.

Narration and its classification

 Narration / Speech

What is Narration / Speech ?


 The speaker's statement is called Narration / Speech.


 Narration is simply what the speaker says.


 Example: Nazrul said to Ninja, “You are very polite”.

 Kinds of Narration:

 There are two types of Narration.


 1. Direct narration



 2. Indirect narration

If the speaker expresses exactly what the speaker is saying, it is called Direct Narration.

 For example: Kamal said to Ranu, "You are a little girl".


 In the above sentence, Kamal is talking about himself. So it is Direct Speech.


 3 ways to recognize direct speech.


 1. Direct speech is in inverted comma.


 2. A comma sits after the reported speech.


 3. The first letter of direct speech is capital letter.


 In short, direct speech is inverted comma.


 A direct speech has two parts, Reporting verb and Reported speech.


 The teacher said to the student, "What is your future plan"?


 The teacher said to the student, is the reporting verb and, “What is your future plan”?  Is Reported speech.


 When the speaker's words are quoted indirectly instead of directly, it is called indirect speech.


 E.g. He told me that I was a brilliant

 student.


 In this sentence the words of the speaker are expressed indirectly.  So it's indirect speech.


 When converting from Direct to Indirect narration, you have to change the Person.


 If 1st person then 1st place and if second person then 2nd place has to be changed.


 The 1st place is the one who speaks and the 2nd place is the one who listens.


 3rd person no change.


 1st person


 I ----------- me -------- my


 We -------- us --------- our


 2nd person


 You ----------- you -------- your


 3rd person


 He ----------- him -------- his


 She ------- her ---------- her


 They ------ them ------ their


 It --------- its ---------- its.


 Direct - Indirect to change the Tense.


 Am, is, are ----- was, were


 Was, were ------ had been


 Have, Has ---------- Had


 Had ---------- Had been


 Present indefinite --------------- Past Indefinite


 Past Indefinite ------------------ Past Perfect.


In addition, some words have to be changed.


 Today ------------------ that day


 Tonight ------------------ that night


 Last day ------------ the previous day


 Yesterday ----------- the previous day


 Tomorrow ----------------- the next day


 This ----------------------- that


 These ----------------- those


 Now ------------------ then


 Here ---------------------- there


 Hence ---------------- thence


 Hither ----------------- thither


 Ago -------------------- before


 Thus ------------------- so


 Come ---------------- go


 Next day -------------- the following day.

 Transformation of Narration according to the classification of sentences.

There are five types of Narration according to the meaning of the sentence.


 1. Assertive sentence


 2. Interrogative sentence


 3. Imperative sentence


 4. Optative sentence


 5. Exclamatory sentence

 Narration change of assertive sentence.

 1. What to do when directing or indirectly assertive sentence


 2. Said instead of told [to stay up.]


 3. Inverted comma rises and Conjunction that sits.


 4. Conjunction after subject + verb + ext.


 5. Person and tense have to be changed.


For example: The poor man said to me, "I am very hungry."


The poor man told me that he was very hungry.


The poor man has been left unchanged.  told has been used instead of said.  To get up instead of inverted comma that, first person changed by first place to I, He.  According to the rules of change of tense has been converted to am, was.



If there is no object after the reporting verb, said remains unchanged.  E.g.


 My friend said, "I am in danger"


 My friend said that he was in danger.



 He said, "You did the work."


 He said that I had done the work.

In the upper back you second person  relation will be second place.  But there is nothing in the second place.  So I have to hold on.  And me theke changed to I.

 The teacher said to me, “Honesty is the best policy.


 The teacher told me that honesty is the best policy.


 The above sentence is eternally true so there will be no change of tense.



 If the reporting verb is in the present tense, the tense does not change when doing indirect.


 Raza says, "I am very happy."


 Raza says that he is very happy.



 We do not change when the subject of direct speech ‘we’ refers to the human race.


 The Imam said to me, "We are mortal."


 The Imam told me that we are mortal.

 Interrogative Sentence:

What to do when directing an interrogative sentence from Direct:


 1. Asked / inquired of / demanded of / wondered instead of Said


 2. Inverted comma rises and sits in conjunction if / whether.  If the sentence starts with WH-question, then that WH-word sits as conjunction.


 3. Conjunction after subject + verb + ext.


 4. Person and tense have to be changed.


 5. If there is do / does / did before the subject, it goes up.


The teacher said to me, "Have you completed your homework?"


The teacher asked me if I had completed my homework.


 He said to me, "Did you go there?"


 He asked me if I had gone there.


 Did got up in the above sentence and by did I understood it is past indefinite tense.  Changed to Past perfect tense.


 My father said to me, "What do you want?"


 My father asked me what I wanted.


 The sentence above starts with the word WH so the word WH sits as a conjunction.  And do went up.

 Imperative sentence.

What to do when directing an interrogative sentence from Direct:

 1. ordered instead of Said


 2. Said instead of advised [advises]


 3. requested instead of Said


 4. forbade instead of Said


 5. told / asked instead of Said [if the order / advice is not clearly understood.  ]


 6. Inverted comma rises to sit as conjunction.


 7. To + verb1 + ext.


 8. Person and tense have to be changed.


 9. If the sentence is neative, sit not as a linker.


 10. Please start with Please.



 Father said to me, "Memorize it now."


 Father ordered me to memorize it then.


 The teacher said to the student, "Always speak the truth."


 The teacher advised the student to always speak the truth.


 He said to me, "Please, do it now."


 He requested me to do it then.


 Mother said to me, "Don`t run in the sun."


 Mother forbade me to run in the sun.


 If you use Forbade, you don't have to use not.


 My friend said to me, "Give me a pen."


 My friend told me to give him a pen.


 The advice is used instead of said as the advice is not clear.

 Imperative sentence beginning with Let

What to do when directing a sentence with a letter:

 If singular after Let


 1. told instead of Said


 2. Inverted comma rises and sits as conjunction.


 3. After the subject might / might be allowed to sit.


 4. That means the structure will be that + sub + might + verb 1+ ext.


 5. Person and tense have to be changed.



 Robin said to me, "Let me learn English."


 Robin told me that he might learn English.



 If there is Plural after Let


 1. Said will be replaced by proposed / suggested [to.  ]


 2. Inverted comma rises and sits as conjunction.


 3. Should sit after the subject.


 4. That will form that + sub + Should + verb 1+ ext.


 5. Person and tense have to be changed.


 6. We / they will be the subject.


 If someone from 1st place and 2nd place is a 1st person then we are not.


 Raza said to me, "Let us go out for a walk."


 Raza proposed to me that we should go out for a walk.

 Optative sentence

What to do when directing an optative sentence from Direct:

 1. Prayed / wished instead of Said [to get up if there is to].


 2. Inverted comma rises and Conjunction that sits.


 3. Conjunction after subject + might + verb + ext.


 4. Person and tense have to be changed.


 Teacher said to me, "May Allah save you."


 The teacher wished that Allah might save me.


 If you want to place an object, you have to take the object by typing for.  Otherwise the object has to be removed.  Subject is followed by might.


 Father said to me, "May you gain success in life."


 Father wished me that I might gain success in life.


 He said, "Long live our president."


 He wished that their president might live long.


 When the sentence starts with long, it sits at the end of long sentence.

 Exclamatory sentence

What to do when directing an exclamatory sentence from Direct:

 1. Said instead of exclamation with joy means joy.


 Said instead of exclamation with sorrow.


 Wondered what it means to be surprised.


 It is better to use exclaimed if happiness and sorrow are clearly understood.


 [If you have To, it will rise.


 2. Inverted comma rises and Conjunction that sits.


 3. After Conjunction subject + verb + ext.


 4. Person and tense have to be changed.


 5. If the sentence starts with what / how, it is preceded by great before noun and very before adjective.


 He said, "How costly the mobile is!"


 He wondered that the mobile was very costly.


 Sneha said, "How beautiful the bird is!"


 Sneha exclaimed with joy that the bird was very beautiful.


 He said, “Alas!  I am undone. ”


 He exclaimed with sorrow that he was very undone.

Narration Change Rules in 

Bengali language

Narration এর নিয়ম। Narration and its classification

Narration/speech- উক্তি

Narration/speech-কাকে  বলে?

বক্তার  statement  কে  Narration / Speech বলে।

সহজ ভাবে  বলতে গেলে  বক্তা  যা  বলে  তাই Narration.

Example:  Nazrul  said to  Ninja, ”You  are very polite”.

Kinds  of  Narration:

There  are two types of Narration.

1. Direct narration-প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি


2. Indirect narration-পরোক্ষ উক্তি

বক্তার উক্তি বক্তা নিজে হুবহু প্রকাশ করলে তাকে Direct Narration বলে।

যেমনঃ Kamal said to Ranu,”You are a small girl”.

উপরের বাক্যটিতে  Kamal নিজের কথা নিজে বলছে।তাই এটা Direct Speech.

Direct speech চেনার ৩ টি উপায়।

1. Direct speech টি inverted comma এর মধ্যে থাকে।

2. Reported speech এর পর একটি comma বসে।

3.Direct speech এর প্রথম অক্ষরটি capital letter হয়।

সংক্ষেপে বলা যাই Direct speech inverted comma এর মধ্যে থাকে।

একটি Direct speech এর দুটি অংশ থাকে Reporting verb এবং Reported speech.

The teacher said to the student, “What is your future plan”?

The teacher said to the student, হল Reporting verb এবং ,”What is your future plan”? হল Reported speech.

বক্তার কথা যখন সরাসরি উদ্দ্রিত না হয়ে  পরোক্ষ ভাবে  উদ্দ্রিত হয় তাকে  Indirect speech বলে।

যেমনঃ He told me that I was a brilliant
student.

এই বাক্যে বক্তার কথাকে পরোক্ষ ভাবে প্রকাশ করা হয়েছে। তাই এটা Indirect speech.

Direct থেকে Indirect narration এ রুপান্তর করার সময় Person change করতে হয়।

1st person  হলে 1st place  আর second  person  হলে  2nd place এর  সাথে  পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।

1st place হল যিনি কথা বলেন আর 2nd place  হল  যিনি কথা শুনেন ।

3rd person no change.

1st person

I-----------me--------my

We--------us---------our

2nd person

You-----------you--------your

3rd person

He-----------him--------his

She -------her----------her

They------them------their

It---------its----------its.

Direct - Indirect করতে Tense পরিবর্তন  করতে  হয়।

Am, is, are----- was, were

Was, were------ had been

Have, Has----------Had

Had----------Had been

Present  indefinite---------------Past Indefinite

Past Indefinite------------------Past Perfect.

এ ছাড়াও  কিছু  Word change  করতে  হয়।

Today ------------------ that day

Tonight ------------------that night

Last day------------the previous day

Yesterday ----------- the previous day

Tomorrow -----------------the next day

This-----------------------that

These-----------------those

Now ------------------then

Here ----------------------there

Hence----------------thence

Hither -----------------thither

Ago --------------------before

Thus-------------------so

Come ----------------go

Next day --------------the following day.

বাক্যের  শ্রেণীবিভাগ  অনুযায়ী  Narration  এর রুপান্তর।

There are five types of Narration  according to the meaning of the sentence.

1.      Assertive sentence

2.      Interrogative sentence

3.      Imperative sentence

4.      Optative sentence

5.      Exclamatory sentence

Assertive sentence এর  Narration change.

1.  Assertive sentence কে direct থেকে indirect করার সময় যা যা করনীয়ঃ

2.  Said এর পরিবর্তে told [to থাকলে উঠে যাবে।]

3. Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে Conjunction that বসে।

4. Conjunction এর পর subject + verb + ext.

5. Person ও tense পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।

যেমনঃ The poor man said to me, “I am very hungry.”

= The poor man told me that he was very hungry.

The poor man কে অপরিবর্তিত রাখা হয়েছে।  said এর পরিবর্তে told ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে। To উঠে যাবে inverted comma এর পরিবর্তে that , first person fisrt place দ্বারা change হয়ে I , He হয়েছে। Tense পরিবর্তন এর নিয়ম অনুযায়ী am, was এ রুপান্তর হয়েছে।


Reporting verb এর পর object না থাকলে said অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যেমনঃ

My friend said, “I am in danger”

My friend said that he was in danger.


He said, “You did the work.”

He said that I had done the work.

উপরের ব্যাকটিতে You second person.  relation হবে second place. But second place এ কিছু নেই । তাই me ধরে করতে হয়।  এবং me theke change হয়ে I হয়ে গেল।


The teacher said to me, “Honesty is the best policy.

The teacher told me that honesty is the best policy.

উপরের বাক্যটি চিরন্তন সত্য তাই Tense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না।


Reporting verb present tense এ থাকলে indirect করার সময় tense এর পরিবর্তন হয় না।

Raza says, “I am very happy.”

Raza says that he is very happy.


Direct speech এর subject ‘we’ দ্বারা মানব জাতিকে বোঝালে we পরিবর্তন হয় না।

The Imam said to me, “We are mortal.”

The Imam told me that we are mortal.

Interrogative Sentence:

Interrogative sentence কে Direct থেকে Indirect করার সময় যা যা করনীয়ঃ

1. Said এর পরিবর্তে  asked/ enquired of /demanded of /wondered

2. Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে conjunction if/ whether বসে। Sentence টি WH-question দ্বারা শুরু হলে ঐ WH- word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসে।

3. Conjunction এর পর subject + verb + ext.

4. Person ও tense পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।

5. Subject এর আগে do/ does/did থাকলে তা উঠে যায়।

The teacher said to me, “Have you completed your home work?”

The teacher asked me if I had completed my home work.

He said to me, “Did you go there?”

He asked me if I had gone there.

উপরের বাক্যটিতে Did উঠে গেল এবং did দ্বারা বুজতে পারলাম এটা past indefinite tense. Change হয়ে Past perfect tense হল।

My father said to me, “What do you want?’

My father asked me what I wanted.

উপরের বাক্যটি WH word দ্বারা শুরু হয়েছে তাই WH word টি conjunction হিসেবে বসেছে। এবং do উঠে গেছে।

Imperative sentence.

Interrogative sentence কে Direct থেকে Indirect করার সময় যা যা করনীয়ঃ


1. Said এর পরিবর্তে ordered [আদেশ বোঝালে ]

2. Said এর পরিবর্তে advised [উপদেশ বোঝালে ]

3. Said এর পরিবর্তে requested [অনুরোধ বোঝালে ]

4. Said এর পরিবর্তে forbade [নিষেধ বোঝালে ]

5. Said এর পরিবর্তে told/asked [আদেশ /উপদেশ স্পষ্ট বোঝা না গেলে। ]

6. Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে conjunction হিসেবে to বসে।

7. To + verb1 + ext.

8. Person ও tense পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।

9. বাক্যটি neative হলে linker হিসেবে not to বসে।

10. Please দ্বারা শুরু হলে Please উঠে যাবে।


Father said to me, “Memorize it now.”

Father ordered me to memorize it then.

The teacher said to the student, “Always speak the truth.”

The teacher advised the student to always speak the truth.

He said to me , “Please, do it now.”

He requested me to do it then.

Mother said to me, “Don`t run in the sun.”

Mother forbade me to run in the sun.

Forbade ব্যবহার করলে not to use করতে হয় না।

My friend said to me, “Give me a pen.”

My friend told me to give him a pen.

আদেশ উপদেশ সুস্পষ্ট না হওয়াই said এর পরিবর্তে told ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে ।


Imperative sentence beginning with Let

Let যুক্ত  sentence কে Direct থেকে Indirect করার সময় যা যা করনীয়ঃ

Let এর পর singular থাকলে

1. Said এর পরিবর্তে told

2. Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে conjunction হিসেবে that বসে।

3. Subject এর পর might/ might be allowed to বসে।

4. অর্থাৎ গঠন হবে  that + sub +might+ verb 1+ ext.

5. Person ও tense পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।


Robin said to me, “Let me learn English.”

Robin told me that he might learn English.


Let এর পর Plural থাকলে

1. Said এর পরিবর্তে proposed/ suggested [to থেকে যাবে। ]

2. Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে conjunction হিসেবে that বসে।

3. Subject এর পর should বসে।

4. অর্থাৎ গঠন হবে  that + sub +Should+ verb 1+ ext.

5. Person ও tense পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।

6. Subject হিসেবে we/they  হবে।

1st place and 2nd place এর কেউ একজন  1st person হলে we না হলে they বসে।

Raza said to me, “Let us go out for a walk.”

Raza proposed to me that we should go out for a walk.

Optative sentence

Optative sentence কে Direct থেকে Indirect করার সময় যা যা করনীয়ঃ

1. Said এর পরিবর্তে  Prayed/wished  [to থাকলে উঠে যাবে।] [Allah বা God থাকলে prayed না থাকলে wished]

2. Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে Conjunction that বসে।

3. Conjunction এর পর subject + might+ verb + ext.

4. Person ও tense পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।

Teacher said to me, “May Allah save you.”

The teacher wished that Allah might save me.

Object বসাতে হলে for লিখে object নিতে হয়। নতুবা object তুলে দিতে হয়। Subject এর পর might বসে।

Father said to me, “May you gain success in life.”

Father wished me that I might gain success in life.

He said, “Long live our president.”

He wished that their president might live long.

Long দ্বারা বাক্য শুরু হলে long বাক্যের শেষে বসে।

Exclamatory sentence

Exclamatory sentence কে Direct থেকে Indirect করার সময় যা যা করনীয়ঃ

1. Said এর পরিবর্তে  exclamation with joy আনন্দ বোঝালে ।

Said এর পরিবর্তে  exclamation with sorrow দুঃখ বোঝালে।

অবাক করা বোঝালে wondered.

আনন্দ দুঃখ পরিষ্কার বোঝানা  গেলে exclaimed ব্যবহার করাই ভালো ।

[To থাকলে উঠে যাবে।]

2. Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে Conjunction that বসে।

3. Conjunction এর পর subject + verb + ext.

4. Person ও tense পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।

5. sentence টি what/ how দ্বারা শুরু হলে ইহার পরিবর্তে noun এর পূর্বে great এবং adjective এর পূর্বে very বসে ।

He said, “How costly the mobile is!”

He wondered that the mobile was very costly.

Sneha said, “How beautiful the bird is!”

Sneha exclaimed with joy that the bird was very beautiful.

He said, “Alas! I am undone.”

He exclaimed with sorrow that he was very undone.